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        <h2 id="1-1-内存结构"><a href="#1-1-内存结构" class="headerlink" title="1.1 内存结构"></a>1.1 内存结构</h2><p><img src="https://gitee.com/littlefxc/oss/raw/master/images/JVM%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84.png" alt="https://gitee.com/littlefxc/oss/raw/master/images/JVM内存结构.png"></p>
<ul>
<li>线程共享：堆，方法区</li>
<li>线程隔离：虚拟机栈，本地方法栈，程序计数器</li>
</ul>
<span id="more"></span>

<h3 id="1-1-1-堆"><a href="#1-1-1-堆" class="headerlink" title="1.1.1 堆"></a>1.1.1 堆</h3><p>堆又做了细分如下图所示：</p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/littlefxc/oss/raw/master/images/JVM%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84-%E5%A0%86.png" alt="https://gitee.com/littlefxc/oss/raw/master/images/JVM内存结构-堆.png"></p>
<p>JDK8 之前堆分为新生代、老年代和持久代（也叫永久代），其中新生代中又有伊甸园和存活区，而存活区又分为 “From survivor” 和 “To survivor”。</p>
<p>JDK8 之后，持久代被废弃，由元空间代替，而元空间并不是堆内存的一部分，元空间是本地内存。</p>
<h3 id="1-1-2-虚拟机栈"><a href="#1-1-2-虚拟机栈" class="headerlink" title="1.1.2 虚拟机栈"></a>1.1.2 虚拟机栈</h3><p>虚拟机栈是线程独享的，当创建一个现成的时候就会创建虚拟机栈。</p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/littlefxc/oss/raw/master/images/JVM%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84-%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E6%9C%BA%E6%A0%88.png" alt="https://gitee.com/littlefxc/oss/raw/master/images/JVM内存结构-虚拟机栈.png"></p>
<ul>
<li>虚拟机栈由栈帧组成。</li>
<li>每一次方法调用都会创建一个栈帧，然后去压栈。</li>
<li>方法返回的时候代表栈帧的出栈操作。</li>
<li>栈帧里面包含一系列数据：局部变量表、操作数栈、指向运行时常量池的引用、方法返回地址和动态链接</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="1-1-2-本地方法栈"><a href="#1-1-2-本地方法栈" class="headerlink" title="1.1.2 本地方法栈"></a>1.1.2 本地方法栈</h3><p>虚拟机栈中放的是Java 方法，而本地方法栈放的是 native 方法（如 UnSafe类）。</p>
<h3 id="1-1-4-程序计数器"><a href="#1-1-4-程序计数器" class="headerlink" title="1.1.4 程序计数器"></a>1.1.4 程序计数器</h3><p>程序计数器用来记录各个字节码执行的字节码的地址，像分支、循环、跳转、异常、线程恢复等等操作都需依赖程序计数器。</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>为什么需要程序计数器?</strong></p>
<p>这是因为Java 是个多线程语言，当执行的线程数量超过CPU核心的时候，线程之间就会根据时间片争抢CPU资源。例如，某个线程它的任务还没有执行完成，CPU 就被其它线程抢走，如果之后又轮到这个线程执行任务，那么就得知道从哪里继续执行任务，所以会为每一个线程分配一个程序计数器，用来记录它下一条指令是什么等等。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="1-1-5-方法区"><a href="#1-1-5-方法区" class="headerlink" title="1.1.5 方法区"></a>1.1.5 方法区</h3><p><img src="https://gitee.com/littlefxc/oss/raw/master/images/JVM%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84-%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%8C%BA.png" alt="https://gitee.com/littlefxc/oss/raw/master/images/JVM内存结构-方法区.png"></p>
<p>方法区主要包括 4 个部分：类信息、运行时常量池、字符串常量池和静态变量。</p>
<p>方法区主要存放的是虚拟机加载的类相关的信息。</p>
<p>从上图中可以看到好几种常量池：静态常量池、运行时常量池和字符串常量池。下面来分析一下这 3 种常量池的作用：</p>
<ul>
<li><p>静态常量池</p>
<p> 也叫 class 文件常量池，主要用来存放：</p>
<ul>
<li>字面量：例如，文本字符串、final 修饰的常量</li>
<li>符号引用：例如，类和接口的全限定名、字段的名称和描述符、方法的名称和描述符</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>运行时常量池</p>
<p> 当类加载到内存中后，JVM 就会将静态常量池中的内容存放到运行时的常量池中。运行时常量池里面存储的主要是编译期间生成的字面量、符号引用等等。</p>
</li>
<li><p>字符串常量池</p>
<p> 也可以理解称运行时常量池分出来的一部分，类加载到内存的时候，字符串会存到字符串常量池里面</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>为什么要用元空间代替持久代？</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><p>一方面是 Orcale 把 Hotspot 虚拟机和 JRockit 虚拟机收购了，而 JRockit 虚拟机压根就没有永久代的概念。于是为了融合Hotspot 虚拟机和 JRockit 虚拟机，干脆就把它去掉了</p>
</li>
<li><p>另一方面是持久代在使用过程中还是很容易发生故障的</p>
<p>相信很多人都遇到过这种异常 <code>java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: PermGen</code>。在之前的版本中，字符串常量池存在于永久代中，在大量使用字符串的情况下，非常容易出现OOM的异常。此外，J<strong>VM加载的class的总数，方法的大小</strong>等都很难确定，因此对永久代大小的指定难以确定。太小的永久代容易导致永久代内存溢出，太大的永久代则容易导致虚拟机内存紧张。</p>
</li>
<li><p>元空间(Metaspace)，不再与堆连续，而是直接存在于本地内存中，也就是机器的内存。理论上机器内存有多大，元空间的野心就有多大。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>当然，还有很多更多深层次的原因，可以参考这篇博文<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/duanxz/p/3520829.html">Metaspace 之一：Metaspace整体介绍（永久代被替换原因、元空间特点、元空间内存查看分析方法）</a></p>
<p><strong>示例：</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">JVMTest1</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(String[] args)</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    Demo demo = <span class="keyword">new</span> Demo(<span class="string">&quot;aaa&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    demo.printName();</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Demo</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">private</span> String name;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="title">Demo</span><span class="params">(String name)</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">this</span>.name = name;</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">  </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">printName</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    System.out.println(<span class="keyword">this</span>.name);</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>上面这段代码的内存分布大致是这样的：</p>
<p><img src="https://gitee.com/littlefxc/oss/raw/master/images/image-20210223220317252.png" alt="image-20210223220317252"></p>
<ol>
<li><p>在启动的时候首先将类加载到方法区，要加载两个类分别是 JVMTest1.class 和 Demo.class 。</p>
</li>
<li><p>当创建 Demo 对象的时候，首先会创建一个局部变量 demo 放在栈里面并指向到一个引用，而真正的 Demo 对象会存储到堆里面。</p>
</li>
<li><p>最后执行 printName 方法。</p>
</li>
</ol>

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